Arthur, E. J., and R. C. Sanborn. 1969. Osmotic and ionic regulation in nematodes. Pp. 429-504 in Marcel Florkin and Bradley T. Scheer, eds. Chemical Zoology, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.

Aumann, J., C. D. Clemens, and U. Wyss. 1990 a. Influence of lectins on female sex pheromone reception by Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) males. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19: 2371-2380.

Aumann, J, C. D. Clemens, and U. Wyss. 1990 b. Influence of lectins on female sex pheromone reception by Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) males. Nematologica 36: 329-330.

Avery, L., and H. R. Horvitz. 1990. Effects of starvation and neuroactive drugs on feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Experimental Zoology 253: 263-270.

Bird, A. F., and J. Bird. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes. 2nd edition. Pp. 7-71 San Diego: CA Academic Press.

Bloom, H., H. Beier, and H. S. Gross. 1987. Improved silver staining of plant protein, RNA and DNA in polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis 8: 93-99.

Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254.

Brenner, S. 1974. The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77: 71-94.

Buecher, E. J., E. L. Hansen, and E. A. Yarwood. 1970. Growth of nematodes in defined medium containing hemin and supplemented with commercially available proteins. Nematalgoica 16: 403-409.

Buchner, E. J., and E. L. Hansen. 1971. Mass culture of axenic nematodes using continuous aeration. Journal of Nematology 3: 199-200.

Byerly, L., R. C. Cassada, and R. L. Russell. 1976. The life cycle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans I. Wild-type growth and reproduction. Developmental Biology 51: 23-33.

Cassada, R. C., and R. L. Russell. 1975. The dauer larva, a post-embryonic developmental variant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental Biology 46: 326-342.

Croll, N. A. 1977. Sensory mechanisms in nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 15: 75-89.

Croll, N. A., J. M. Smith, and B. M. Zuckerman. 1977. The aging process of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in bacterial and axenic culture. Experimental Aging Research 3: 175-189.

Devidas, P., and L. A. Rehberger. 1992. The effects of exotoxin (thuringiensin) from Bacillus thuringiensis on Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans. Plant and Soil 145: 115-120.

Doncaster, C. C. 1971. Feeding in plant parasitic nematodes: mechanisms and behavior. Pp. 37-56 in B. M. Zuckerman, W. F. Mai, and R. A. Rohde, eds. Plant Parasitic Nematodes, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.

Dougherty, E. C. 1951. The axenic cultivation of Rhabditis briggsae Dougherty and Nigon, 1949 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). II. Some sources and characteristics of "factor Rb". Experimental Parasitology 1: 34-45.

Dougherty, E. C., J. C. Raphael, Jr., and C. H. Alton. 1950. The axenic cultivation of Rhabditis briggsae Dougherty and Nigon, 1949 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). I. Experiments with chick embryo juice and chemically-defined media. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 17: 1-10.

Dougherty E. C. 1953. The axenic cultivation of Rhabditis briggsae Dougherty and Nigon, 1949 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). III. Liver preparations with various supplementation. Journal of Parasitiology 39: 371-384.

Dougherty, E. C., and E. L. Hansen. 1956. Axenic cultivation of Caenorhabditis briggsae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). V. Maturation on synthetic media. Proceedings for the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 93: 223-227.

Dougherty, E. C., E. L. Hansen, W. L. Nicholas, J. A. Mollett, and E. A. Yarwood. 1959. Axenic cultivation of Caenorhabditis briggsae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with unsupplemented and supplemented chemically-defined media. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 77: 176-217.

Gbewonyo, K., S. P. Rohrer, L. Lister, B. Burgess, D. Cully, and B. Buckland. 1994. Large scale cultivation of the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio/Technology 12: 51-54.

Golden, J. W., and D. L. Riddle. 1984. The Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae: developmental effects of pheromone, food, and temperature. Developmental Biology 102: 368-378.

Hansen, E. L., and W. S. Cryan. 1966. Continuous axenic culture of free-living nematodes. Nematologica 12: 138-142.

Herman, R. K., and H. R. Horvitz. 1980. Genetic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Pp. 229-231 in Bert M. Zuckerman, ed. Nematodes as Biological Models. New York: Academic Press.

Hieb, W.F., Stokstad, E. L. R., and M. Rothstein. 1970. Heme requirement for reproduction of a free-living nematode. Science 168: 143-144.

Hodgkin, J., and T. M. Barnes. 1991. More is not better: brood size and population growth in a self-fertilizing nematode. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 246: 19-24.

Johnson, T. E. 1984. Analysis of the biological basis of aging in the nematode. With special emphasis on Caenorhabditis elegans. Pp. 59-93 in D. H. Mitchell and T. E. Johnson, eds. Invertebrate Models in Aging Research. Boca Raton: FL CRC Press.

Junkersdorf, B., and E. Schierenbert. 1992. Embryogenesis in C. elegans after elimination of individual blastomeres or induced alteration of the cell division order. Wilhelm Roux’s Archives of Developmental Biology 202: 17-22.

Kenyon, C. 1988. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 240: 1448-1453.

Kisel, M., B. Nelson, and B. M. Zuckerman. 1969. Short Communications. Nematologica 15: 153-154.

Klass, M., and D. Hirst. 1976. Non-aging developmental variant of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 260: 523-525.

Klass, M. R. 1977. Aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: major biological and environmental factors influencing life span. Mechanisms of Aging and Development 6: 413-329.

Klass, M. R., and T. E. Johnson. 1985. Caenorhabditis elegans. Interdisciplinary Topics Gerontology 21: 164-187.

Klass, M., N. Wolf, and D. Hirsh. 1976. Development of the male reproductive system and sexual transformation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental Biology 52: 1-18.

Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 277: 680-685.

Lee D. L., and H. J. Atkinson. 1977. Physiology of nematodes. 2nd ed. Pp. 10. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lewis J. A. 1980. Commentary on the uses of small nematode worms. Neuroscience 5: 961-966.

Lower, W. R., E. Hansen, and E. A. Yarwood. 1966. Assay of a proteinaceous growth factor required for maturation of the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. Journal of Experimental Zoology 161: 29-36.

Lu, N. C. 1995. Laboratory manual axenic cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, San Jose State University. CA, USA. Personal Communication.

Lu, N. C., C. Newton, and E. L. R. Stokstad. 1977. The requirement of sterol and various sterol precursors in free-living nematodes. Nematologica 23: 57-61.

Lu, N. C., A. C. Cheng, and G. M. Briggs. 1983. A study of mineral requirements in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematologica 29: 425-434.

Lu, N. C., and K. M. Goetsch. 1993. Carbohydrate requirement of Caenorhabditis elegans and the final development of a chemically-defined medium. Nematologica 39: 303-311.

McClure, M. A, and B. M. Zuckerman. 1982. Localization of cuticular binding sites of Concanavalin A on Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 14: 39-44.

McClure, M. A., and B. A. Stynes. 1988. Lectin binding sites on the amphidal exudates of Meloidogyne. Journal of Nematology 20: 321-326.

McInnis, R. 1996. Nematode toxicity test using Panagrellus redivivus. HTTP://1473.cciw.ca/bioassay/nematode.htm. National Water Research Institute. Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Branch. P. O. Box 5050867 Lakeshore Road; Burlington, Ontario Canada L7R-4A6.

Murfit, R. R., K. Vogel, and D. R. Sanadi 1976. Characterization of the mitochondria of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 53B: 423-430.

Nicholas, W. L., and M. G. McEntegart. 1957. A technique for obtaining axenic cultures of rhabditid nematodes. Journal of Helminthology 31: 135-144.

Nicholas, W. L., E. C. Dougherty, and E. L. Hansen. 1959. Axenic cultivation of Caenorhabditis briggsae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with chemically undefined supplements; comparative studies with related nematodes. Annals New York Academy of Science 77: 220-236.

Nicholas, W. L., E. C. Dougherty, E. L. Hansen, O. Holm-Hansen, and V. Moses. 1960. The incorporation of ¹⁴c from sodium acetate-2-¹⁴c into the aminoacids of the soil-inhabitation nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. Experimental Biology 37(3): 435-443.

Nicholas, W. L., E. Hansen, and E. C. Dougherty. 1962. The b-vitamins required by Caenorhabditis briggsae (Rhabditidae). Nematologica 8: 129-135.

Nicholas, W. L., and R. Jantunen. 1963. A biotin requirement for Caenorhabditis briggsae (Rhabditidae). Nematolgoica 9: 332-336.

Nicholas, W. L., and R. Jantunen. 1966. The effect of different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the growth and reproduction of Caenorhabditis briggsae (Rhabditidae). Nematologica 12: 328-336.

Novak, J., and Z. Vanek. 1992. Screening for a new generation of anthelminthic compounds. Invitro selection of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for ivermectin resistance. Folia Microbiologica 37: 237-238.

Ohba, K., and N. Ishibashi. 1982. A factor inducing dauer juvenile formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematologica 28: 318-325.

Patel, T. R., and B. A. McFadden. 1976. A simple spectrophotometric method for measurement of nematode populations. Analytical Biochemistry 70: 447-453.

Patel, T. R., and B. A. McFadden. 1978. Axenic and synchronous cultures of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematologica 24: 51-61.

Perry, R. N. 1996. Chemoreception in plant parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 34: 181-199.

Pinnock, C. B., W. F. Hieb, and E. L. R. Stokstad. 1975. A mass culture bioassay method for Caenorhabditis briggsae using population growth rate as a response parameter. Nematologica 21:1-4.

Pinnock, C., B. Shane, and E. L. R. Stokstad. 1975. Stimulatory effects of peptides on growth of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 148: 710-713.

Puszati, A. 1991. Chemistry and pharmacology of natural products: plant lectins. Pp. 105-205 J. D. Phillipson, D. C. Ayres, H. Haxter, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Riddle, D. L., and L. L. Georgi. 1990. Advances in research on Caenorhabditis elegans: application to plant a parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 28: 247-267.

Rothstein, M. 1963. Nematode biochemistry III. Excretion products. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 49B: 669-678.

Rothstein M. 1965. Nematode biochemistry-V. Intermediary metabolism and amino acid interconversions in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 14: 541-552.

Rothstein, M. 1974. Practical methods for the axenic culture of the free-living nematodes Turbatrix aceti and Caenorhabditis briggsae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 49B: 669-678.

Rothstein, M. 1975. Aging and the alteration of enzymes: a review. Mechanisms of Aging and Development 4: 325-338.

Rothstein, M., and G. Tomlinson. (1962). Nematode biochemistry II. Biosynthesis of amino acids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 63: 471-480.

Rothstein, M., and E. Cook. 1966. Nematode biochemistry-VI. Conditions for axenic culture of Turbatrix aceti, Panagrellus redivivus, Rhabditis anomala and Caenorhabditis briggsae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 17: 683-692.

Rudiger, H. 1993. Isolation of plant lectins.. Pp. 40-46 in H. J. Gabius and S. Gabius, eds. Lectins and glycobiology. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Samoiloff, M. R., S. Schultz, Y. Jordan, K. Denich, and E. Arnott. 1980. A rapid simple long-term toxicity assay for aquatic contaminates using the nematode Panagrellus redivivus. The Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Science 37: 1167-1174.

Sayre, F. W., E. L. Hansen, T. J. Starr, and E. Yarwood. 1961. Isolation and partial characterization of a growth control factor. Nature 190: 1116-1117.

Sayre, F. W., E. L. Hansen, and E. A. Yarwood. 1963. Biochemical aspects of the nutrition of Caenorhabditis briggsae. Experimental Parasitology 13: 98-107.

Schierenbert, E. 1984. Altered cell-division rates after laser-induced cell fission in nematode embryos. Developmental Biology 101: 240-245.

Schierenbert, E., and B. Junkersdorf. 1992. The roll of the eggshell and underlying vitelline membrane for normal pattern formation in early C. elegans embryo. Wilhelm Roux’s Archives of Developmental Biology 202: 10-16.

Sikora, R. A. 1992. Management of the antagonistic potential in agricultural ecosystems for the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 30: 245-270.

Spence, A. M., K. M. B. Malone, M. M. A. Novak, and R. A. Woods. 1982. The effects of mebendazole on the growth and development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 2616-2623.

Spiegel, Y., and W. M. Robertson. 1988. Wheat germ agglutinin binding to the outer cuticle of plant parasitic nematode Anguina tritici. Journal of Nematology 20: 499-501.

Sulston, J. E., E. Schierenberg, J. G. White, and J. N. Thomson. 1983. The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental Biology 100: 64-119.

Swanson, M. M., and D. L. Riddle. 1981. Critical periods in the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva. Developmental Biology 84: 27-40.

Tomlinson, G. A., and M. Rothstein. 1962. Nematode biochemistry: I. Culture methods. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 63: 465-470.

Vanfleteren, J. R. 1973. Amino acid requirements of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. Nematologica 19: 93-99.

Vanfleteren, J. R. 1975 a. The nature of a nematode growth factor. I. Growth and maturation of Caenorhabditis briggsae on ribonucleoprotein particles. Nematologica 21: 413-424.

Vanfleteren, J. R. 1975 b. The nature of a nematode growth factor. II. Growth and maturation of Caenorhabditis briggsae on haem proteins. Nematologica 21: 425-437.

Vanfleteren, J. R. 1976. The nature of a nematode growth factor. III. Growth and maturation of Caenorhabditis briggsae on protein haemin co-precipitates. Nematologica 22: 103-112.

Vanfleteren, J. R. 1978. Axenic culture of free-living , plant-parasitic, and insect-parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 16: 131-157.

Vanfleteren, J. R. and D. E. Roets. 1972. The influence of some anthelminthic drugs on the population growth of the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis briggsae and Turbatrix aceti (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Nematologica 18: 325-338.

Watson, J. E., C. B. Pinnock, E. L. R. Stokstad, and W. F. Hieb. 1974. A nephlometer for measurement of nematode populations. Analytical Biochemistry 60: 267-271.

Wharton, D. A. 1986. A functional biology of nematodes. Pp. 9-34 D. A. Wharton ed. Baltimore: MD Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wilson, P. A. G. 1976. Nematode growth patterns and the moulting cycle: The population growth profile. Journal of Zoology 179: 135-151.

Wood, W. B. 1988. Introduction to C. elegans Biology. Pp. 1-559 in W. B. Wood, ed. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

World Health Organization (WHO) press release, Infectious diseases kill over 17 million people a year: who warns of global crisis. http://www.who.ch/whr/1996/press1.htm. The Ten Biggest Killers.

Zuckerman, B. M. 1983. Hypotheses and possibilities of intervention in nematode chemoresponses. Journal of Nematology 15: 173-82.